Test Catalog

Test Id : COGBM

Chromosome Analysis, Hematologic Disorders, Children's Oncology Group Enrollment Testing, Bone Marrow

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Evaluation of pediatric bone marrow specimens for chromosomal abnormalities associated with hematologic malignancies for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in patients being considered for enrollment in Children's Oncology Group clinical trials and research protocols using bone marrow specimens

Highlights

Cytogenetic testing is important for the diagnostic and prognostic classification of pediatric neoplasia and it is a critical element for the enrollment of children into clinical trials affiliated with the Children's Oncology Group (COG). For over 25 years the Mayo Clinic Genomics Laboratory has served as one of a select number of laboratories in the United States approved by the COG for the conventional chromosome analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of pediatric bone marrow, peripheral blood, and tissue specimens. All enrollment-required elements of cytogenetic testing will be electronically submitted by the Mayo Clinic Genomics Laboratory within the guidelines of COG.

Reflex Tests
Lists tests that may or may not be performed, at an additional charge, depending on the result and interpretation of the initial tests.

Test Id Reporting Name Available Separately Always Performed
ML20C COG Metaphases, 1-19 No, (Bill Only) No
M25C COG Metaphases, 20-25 No, (Bill Only) No
MG25C COG Metaphases, >25 No, (Bill Only) No
_STAC Ag-Nor/CBL Stain No, (Bill Only) No

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

This test includes a charge for cell culture of fresh specimens and professional interpretation of results. Analysis charges will be incurred for total work performed, and generally include 2 banded karyograms and the analysis of 20 metaphase cells. If no metaphase cells are available for analysis, no analysis charges will be incurred. If additional analysis work is required, additional charges may be incurred.

 

If this test is ordered and the laboratory is informed that the patient is not on a Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocol, this test will be canceled and automatically reordered by the laboratory as the corollary assay, CHRBM / Chromosome Analysis, Hematologic Disorders, Bone Marrow.

 

For more information see:

-Multiple Myeloma: Laboratory Screening

-Myeloproliferative Neoplasm: A Diagnostic Approach to Bone Marrow Evaluation

-Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Guideline to Diagnosis and Follow-up

-B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma Algorithm

Method Name
A short description of the method used to perform the test

Cell Culture without Mitogens followed by Chromosome Analysis

NY State Available
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.

Yes

Reporting Name
Lists a shorter or abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test

COG-Chromosomes, Hematologic, BM

Aliases
Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching

Karyotype, Bone Marrow

Children's Oncology Group

COG

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

This test includes a charge for cell culture of fresh specimens and professional interpretation of results. Analysis charges will be incurred for total work performed, and generally include 2 banded karyograms and the analysis of 20 metaphase cells. If no metaphase cells are available for analysis, no analysis charges will be incurred. If additional analysis work is required, additional charges may be incurred.

 

If this test is ordered and the laboratory is informed that the patient is not on a Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocol, this test will be canceled and automatically reordered by the laboratory as the corollary assay, CHRBM / Chromosome Analysis, Hematologic Disorders, Bone Marrow.

 

For more information see:

-Multiple Myeloma: Laboratory Screening

-Myeloproliferative Neoplasm: A Diagnostic Approach to Bone Marrow Evaluation

-Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Guideline to Diagnosis and Follow-up

-B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma Algorithm

Specimen Type
Describes the specimen type validated for testing

Bone Marrow

Ordering Guidance

This test is only performed on specimens from pediatric patients being considered for enrollment in a Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocol. For all other patients, order CHRBM / Chromosome Analysis, Hematologic Disorders, Bone Marrow.

Shipping Instructions

Advise Express Mail or equivalent if not on courier service.

Necessary Information

1. A reason for referral, a flow cytometry and/or a bone marrow pathology report, and a Children's Oncology Group (COG) registration number and protocol number should be submitted with each specimen. The laboratory will not reject testing if this information is not provided, but appropriate testing and interpretation may be compromised or delayed.

2. If a child enrolled in the COG protocol has received an opposite sex bone marrow transplant prior to specimen collection, note this information on the request.

3. To ensure the best interpretation, it is important to provide some clinical information to verify the appropriate type of cytogenetic study is performed.

ORDER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Question ID Description Answers
GC022 Reason for Referral

Specimen Required
Defines the optimal specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing

Specimen Type: Bone marrow

Container/Tube:

Preferred: Yellow top (ACD)

Acceptable: Green top (sodium heparin) or lavender top (EDTA)

Specimen Volume: 4 mL

Collection Instructions:

1. It is preferable to send the first aspirate from the bone marrow collection.

2. Invert several times to mix bone marrow.

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Forms

If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Children's Oncology Group Test Request (T829) with the specimen.

Specimen Minimum Volume
Defines the amount of sample necessary to provide a clinically relevant result as determined by the Testing Laboratory

2 mL

Reject Due To
Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected

All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.

Specimen Stability Information
Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the performing laboratory, alternate acceptable temperatures are also included

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Bone Marrow Ambient (preferred)
Refrigerated

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Evaluation of pediatric bone marrow specimens for chromosomal abnormalities associated with hematologic malignancies for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in patients being considered for enrollment in Children's Oncology Group clinical trials and research protocols using bone marrow specimens

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

This test includes a charge for cell culture of fresh specimens and professional interpretation of results. Analysis charges will be incurred for total work performed, and generally include 2 banded karyograms and the analysis of 20 metaphase cells. If no metaphase cells are available for analysis, no analysis charges will be incurred. If additional analysis work is required, additional charges may be incurred.

 

If this test is ordered and the laboratory is informed that the patient is not on a Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocol, this test will be canceled and automatically reordered by the laboratory as the corollary assay, CHRBM / Chromosome Analysis, Hematologic Disorders, Bone Marrow.

 

For more information see:

-Multiple Myeloma: Laboratory Screening

-Myeloproliferative Neoplasm: A Diagnostic Approach to Bone Marrow Evaluation

-Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Guideline to Diagnosis and Follow-up

-B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma Algorithm

Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test

Clonal chromosome abnormalities in bone marrow (or peripheral blood or tissue if bone marrow is not available) play a central role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring of pediatric hematologic malignancies.

 

Characteristic chromosome rearrangements and copy number patterns may help classify a pediatric hematologic malignancy. For example, t(1;19)(q23;p13.3) is typically observed in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and t(8;21)(q22;q22) defines a specific subset of patients with acute myeloid leukemia; while t(7;14)(q35;q11.2) is associated with T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Confirmation of classic gene fusions associated with the above translocations together with evaluation for other recurrent abnormalities are available within the appropriate Children's Oncology Group (COG) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) panels; COGBF / B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma (ALL), Children's Oncology Group Enrollment Testing, FISH, Varies; COGTF / T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma (ALL), Children's Oncology Group Enrollment Testing, FISH, Varies; and COGMF / Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Children's Oncology Group Enrollment Testing, FISH, Varies. Some rearrangements identified by chromosomal analysis may be extremely rare but are known recurrent entities for which the Mayo Clinic Genomics Laboratory has the most extensive catalogue of FISH testing to confirm the corollary gene fusions.

 

Metaphase FISH confirmation of classic translocations that are cryptic and not visually detectable by chromosome analysis [ie, t(12;21) associated with ETV6/RUNX1 fusion] is performed as required by COG and is included as part of the electronic case submission by the Mayo Clinic Genomics Laboratory to COG for central review.

 

Additional cytogenetic techniques such as chromosomal microarray (CMAH / Chromosomal Microarray, Hematologic Disorders, Varies) may be helpful to resolve questions related to ploidy (hyperdiploid clone vs doubled hypodiploid clone) or to resolve certain clonal structural rearrangements such as the presence or absence of intra-chromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21). If the expert cytogeneticist at Mayo Clinic reviewing this test's case feels microarray assay may be of benefit, the client will be contacted. For children in whom disease relapse or a secondary myeloid neoplasm is a concern and enrollment in a new COG protocol is being considered; this test is appropriate for bone marrow chromosome analysis.

Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.

An interpretative report will be provided.

Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results

The following factors are important when interpreting the results:

-Although the presence of an abnormal clone usually indicates a malignant neoplastic process, in rare situations, the clone may reflect a benign condition.

-The absence of an abnormal clone may be the result of specimen collection from a site that is not involved in the neoplasm or may indicate that the disorder is caused by submicroscopic abnormalities that cannot be identified by chromosome analysis.

-On rare occasions, the presence of an abnormality may be associated with a constitutional abnormality that is not related to a malignant neoplastic process. Follow-up with a medical genetics consultation is recommended.

-On occasion, bone marrow chromosome studies are unsuccessful. If clinical information has been provided, we may have a fluorescence in situ hybridization study option that could be performed.

Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances

In some cases, fluorescence in situ hybridization studies may detect some disorders better than conventional chromosome studies.

 

Interfering factors:

Technical:

-Insufficient bone marrow specimen

-Use of an improper anticoagulant or improperly mixing the blood with the anticoagulant

-Clotted bone marrow specimen

-Excessive transport time

-Exposure of the specimen to extreme temperature

-Not processing the bone marrow as indicated before shipping the specimen

-Not sending the first aspirate from the patient's bone marrow collection

 

Biological:

-Abnormalities missed due to sampling error

-Subtle structural chromosome abnormalities may not be detected by conventional chromosome analysis

-Neoplastic cells not dividing or not present in bone marrow

Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature

1. Dewald GW, Ketterling RP, Wyatt WA, Stupca PJ. Cytogenetic studies in neoplastic hematologic disorders. In: McClatchey KD, ed. Clinical Laboratory Medicine. 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkens; 2002:658-685

2. De Haas V, Ismaila N, Advani A, et al. Initial diagnostic work-up of acute leukemia: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of the College of American Pathologists and American Society of Hematology Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(3):239-253

3. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al, eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IARC Press; 2017

4. Arber DA, Borowitz MJ, Cessna M, et al. Initial diagnostic workup of acute leukemia: Guideline from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society of Hematology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017;141(10):1342-1393

Method Description
Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference

The test is only performed on specimens from pediatric patients being considered for enrollment in a Children's Oncology Group protocol. A cell count is performed on the specimen to establish a plating volume. Based on the cell count, a corresponding volume of bone marrow is added to 2 culture flasks containing culture medium and incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 37 degrees C. In the harvest process, the cells are exposed to Colcemid and hypotonic solution, and are fixed with glacial acid and methanol. Metaphase cells are dropped onto microscope slides and are stained by G-banding. Other staining methods are employed as needed. Twenty metaphases are usually examined. If a clone is suspected, but not confirmed within 20 metaphases, 30 metaphases will be analyzed. Minimal evidence for the presence of an abnormal clone is defined as 2 or more metaphases with the same structural abnormality or chromosome gain (trisomy), or 3 or more metaphases lacking the same chromosome. All metaphases are captured using a computerized imaging system, and 1 or more karyograms from each clone are prepared to document the type of abnormality and to permit systematic interpretation of the abnormalities.(Arsham, Marilyn S., et al. eds. The AGT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual. 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017)

PDF Report
Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information

No

Day(s) Performed
Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day.

Monday through Friday

Report Available
The interval of time (receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available) taking into account standard setup days and weekends. The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing.

9 to 11 days

Specimen Retention Time
Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded

4 weeks

Performing Laboratory Location
Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test

Rochester

Fees
Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U.S. or International Regional Manager for information about establishing a fee schedule or to learn more about resources to optimize test selection.

  • Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
  • Clients without access to Test Prices can contact Customer Service 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
  • Prospective clients should contact their account representative. For assistance, contact Customer Service.

Test Classification
Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) product.

This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

CPT Code Information
Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Clinic Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.

CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.

88237, 88291-Tissue culture for neoplastic disorders; bone marrow, blood, Interpretation and report

88264 w/ modifier 52-Chromosome analysis with less than 20 cells (if appropriate)

88264-Chromosome analysis with 20 to 25 cells (if appropriate)

88264, 88285-Chromosome analysis with greater than 25 cells (if appropriate)

88283-Additional specialized banding technique (if appropriate)

LOINC® Information
Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the order and results codes of this test. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory.

Test Id Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
COGBM COG-Chromosomes, Hematologic, BM 62386-8
Result Id Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
602306 Result Summary 50397-9
602307 Interpretation 69965-2
602308 Result 62356-1
GC022 Reason for Referral 42349-1
602309 Specimen 31208-2
602310 Source 31208-2
602311 Method 85069-3
602312 Banding Method 62359-5
602313 Additional Information 48767-8
602314 Released By 18771-6

Test Setup Resources

Setup Files
Test setup information contains test file definition details to support order and result interfacing between Mayo Clinic Laboratories and your Laboratory Information System.

Excel | PHP Pdf | CMS Pdf

Sample Reports
Normal and Abnormal sample reports are provided as references for report appearance.

Normal Reports | Abnormal Reports

SI Sample Reports
International System (SI) of Unit reports are provided for a limited number of tests. These reports are intended for international account use and are only available through MayoLINK accounts that have been defined to receive them.

SI Normal Reports | SI Abnormal Reports