Test Catalog

Test Id : MCADZ

Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MCAD) Deficiency Full Gene Analysis, Varies

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Confirmation of diagnosis of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (as a follow-up to biochemical analyses)

 

Screening of at-risk carriers of MCAD deficiency when an affected relative has not had molecular testing

 

Diagnosis of MCAD deficiency in autopsy specimens

Reflex Tests
Lists tests that may or may not be performed, at an additional charge, depending on the result and interpretation of the initial tests.

Test Id Reporting Name Available Separately Always Performed
CULFB Fibroblast Culture for Genetic Test Yes No

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

For skin biopsy or cultured fibroblast specimens, fibroblast culture testing will be performed at an additional charge. If viable cells are not obtained, the client will be notified.

 

Method Name
A short description of the method used to perform the test

NY State Available
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.

Yes

Reporting Name
Lists a shorter or abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test

MCAD Deficiency, Full Gene Analysis

Aliases
Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching

985A>G

ACADM

K304E

MCAD Gene Sequence Analysis

MCADS

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

For skin biopsy or cultured fibroblast specimens, fibroblast culture testing will be performed at an additional charge. If viable cells are not obtained, the client will be notified.

 

Specimen Type
Describes the specimen type validated for testing

Varies

Shipping Instructions

Specimen preferred to arrive within 96 hours of collection.

Specimen Required
Defines the optimal specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing

Patient Preparation: A previous bone marrow transplant from an allogenic donor will interfere with testing. For instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant, call 800-533-1710.

 

Submit only 1 of the following specimens:

 

Preferred:

Specimen Type: Whole blood

Container/Tube:

Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA) or yellow top (ACD)

Acceptable: Any anticoagulant

Specimen Volume: 3 mL

Collection Instructions:

1. Invert several times to mix blood.

2. Send whole blood specimen in original tube. Do not aliquot.

Specimen Stability Information: Ambient (preferred)/Refrigerated

 

Specimen Type: Cultured fibroblasts

Container/Tube: T-75 or T-25 flask

Specimen Volume: 1 Full T-75 or 2 full T-25 flasks

Specimen Stability Information: Ambient (preferred)/Refrigerated (<24 hours)

Additional Information: A separate culture charge will be assessed under CULFB / Fibroblast Culture for Biochemical or Molecular Testing. An additional 3 to 4 weeks is required to culture fibroblasts before genetic testing can occur.

 

Specimen Type: Skin biopsy

Container/Tube: Sterile container with any standard cell culture media (eg, minimal essential media, RPMI 1640). The solution should be supplemented with 1% penicillin and streptomycin. Tubes can be supplied upon request (Eagle's minimum essential medium with 1% penicillin and streptomycin [T115]).

Specimen Volume: 4-mm punch

Specimen Stability Information: Refrigerated (preferred)/Ambient

Additional Information: A separate culture charge will be assessed under CULFB / Fibroblast Culture for Biochemical or Molecular Testing. An additional 3 to 4 weeks is required to culture fibroblasts before genetic testing can occur.

 

Specimen Type: Blood spot

Supplies: Card - Blood Spot Collection (Filter Paper) (T493)

Container/Tube:

Preferred: Collection card (Whatman Protein Saver 903 Paper)

Acceptable: Ahlstrom 226 filter paper or blood spot collection card

Specimen Volume: 2 to 5 Blood spots

Collection Instructions:

1. An alternative blood collection option for a patient 1 year of age or older is a fingerstick. For infants younger than 1 year, a heel stick should be used. See How to Collect Dried Blood Spot Samples via fingerstick.

2. Let blood dry on the filter paper at ambient temperature in a horizontal position for a minimum of 3 hours.

3. Do not expose specimen to heat or direct sunlight.

4. Do not stack wet specimens.

5. Keep specimen dry

Specimen Stability Information: Ambient (preferred)/Refrigerated

Additional Information:

1. Due to lower concentration of DNA yielded from blood spot, it is possible that additional specimen may be required to complete testing.

2. For collection instructions, see Blood Spot Collection Instructions

3. For collection instructions in Spanish, see Blood Spot Collection Card-Spanish Instructions (T777)

4. For collection instructions in Chinese, see Blood Spot Collection Card-Chinese Instructions (T800)

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Forms

1. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. The following documents are available:

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (T576)

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing-Spanish (T826)

2. Molecular Genetics: Biochemical Disorders Patient Information (T527)

Specimen Minimum Volume
Defines the amount of sample necessary to provide a clinically relevant result as determined by the Testing Laboratory

Blood: 1 mL

Blood Spots: 5 punches, 3-mm diameter

All other specimen types: See Specimen Required

Reject Due To
Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected

All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.

Specimen Stability Information
Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the performing laboratory, alternate acceptable temperatures are also included

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Varies Varies

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Confirmation of diagnosis of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (as a follow-up to biochemical analyses)

 

Screening of at-risk carriers of MCAD deficiency when an affected relative has not had molecular testing

 

Diagnosis of MCAD deficiency in autopsy specimens

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

For skin biopsy or cultured fibroblast specimens, fibroblast culture testing will be performed at an additional charge. If viable cells are not obtained, the client will be notified.

 

Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test

Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited defect in the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids. The mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway plays a major role in energy production, especially during periods of fasting and physical exertion. MCAD deficiency is prevalent among individuals of northern European origin, affecting 1 in 4900 to 1 in 17,000 individuals, with a carrier frequency estimated as high as 1 in 40 for some populations.

 

Phenotypic expression of MCAD deficiency is episodic in nature (ie, asymptomatic between attacks). Symptoms are typically precipitated by any stress (eg, fever, infection, vaccination) and mostly occur during the first 2 years of life, although some cases have been diagnosed in adulthood. Characteristic features of MCAD deficiency include: Reye-like syndrome (an acquired encephalopathy characterized by recurrent vomiting, agitation, and lethargy), fasting intolerance with vomiting, recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic coma, hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria, low plasma and tissue levels of carnitine, hepatic failure with fat infiltration (fatty liver), encephalopathy, and rapidly progressive deterioration leading to death. MCAD deficiency has also been associated with sudden infant death or sudden unexpected death syndrome.

 

Review of clinical features and biochemical analysis via plasma acylcarnitines (ACRN / Acylcarnitines, Quantitative, Plasma), fatty acid profile (FAO / Fatty Acid Oxidation Probe Assay, Fibroblast Culture), urine organic acids (OAU / Organic Acids Screen, Random, Urine), and urine acylglycines (ACYLG / Acylglycines, Quantitative, Urine) are always recommended as the initial evaluation for MCAD. If previously performed, the results of these biochemical assays should be included with the specimen as they are necessary for accurate interpretation of the MCAD sequence analysis.

 

The MCAD gene (ACADM) maps to 1p31 and has 12 exons, spanning 44 kb of DNA. Most variants are family-specific with the exception of the recurrent A->G transition at nucleotide 985 (985A->G). Among MCAD-deficient patients, approximately 52% are homozygous for the 985A->G pathogenic variant. The majority of the remaining patients are compound heterozygous for the 985A->G pathogenic variant and a different pathogenic variant.

Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.

An interpretive report will be provided.

Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results

All detected alterations are evaluated according to American College of Medical Genetics recommendations.(1) Variants are classified based on known, predicted, or possible pathogenicity and reported with interpretive comments detailing their potential or known significance.

Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances

A small percentage of individuals who are carriers or have a diagnosis of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency may have a variant that is not identified by this method (eg, large genomic deletions, promoter variants). The absence of a variant, therefore, does not eliminate the possibility of positive carrier status or the diagnosis of MCAD. For carrier testing, it is important to first document the presence of an ACADM gene variant in an affected family member.

 

In some cases, DNA variants of undetermined significance may be identified.

 

Rare polymorphisms exist that could lead to false-negative or false-positive results. If results obtained do not match the clinical findings, additional testing should be considered.

  

Test results should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Errors in our interpretation of results may occur if information given is inaccurate or incomplete.

Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature

1. Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, et al. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med. 2015;17(5):405-424

2. Grosse SD, Khoury MJ, Greene CL, et al. The epidemiology of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: An update. Genet Med. 2006:8(4):205-212

2. Ziadeh R, Hoffman EP, Finegold DM, et al. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in Pennsylvania: neonatal screening shows high incidence and unexpected mutation frequency. Pediatr Res. 1995;37(5):675-678

3. Roe CR, Coates PM: Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In Scriver CR, Beaude AL, Sly WS, eds. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Vol 1. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1995:1501-1533

Method Description
Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference

Bidirectional sequence analysis is performed to test for the presence of a sequence variant in all coding regions and intron/exon boundaries of the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) gene (ACADM).(Highsmith WE: Unpublished Mayo information)

PDF Report
Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information

No

Day(s) Performed
Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day.

Varies

Report Available
The interval of time (receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available) taking into account standard setup days and weekends. The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing.

14 to 20 days

Specimen Retention Time
Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded

Whole blood: 2 weeks (if available); Extracted DNA: 3 months

Performing Laboratory Location
Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test

Rochester

Fees
Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U.S. or International Regional Manager for information about establishing a fee schedule or to learn more about resources to optimize test selection.

  • Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
  • Clients without access to Test Prices can contact Customer Service 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
  • Prospective clients should contact their account representative. For assistance, contact Customer Service.

Test Classification
Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) product.

This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

CPT Code Information
Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Clinic Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.

CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.

81479-Unlisted molecular pathology procedure

88233-Tissue culture, skin or solid tissue biopsy (if appropriate)

88240-Cryopreservation (if appropriate)

LOINC® Information
Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the order and results codes of this test. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory.

Test Id Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
MCADZ MCAD Deficiency, Full Gene Analysis 95773-8
Result Id Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
53971 Result Summary 50397-9
53972 Result 82939-0
53973 Interpretation 69047-9
53974 Additional Information 48767-8
53975 Specimen 31208-2
53976 Source 31208-2
53977 Released By 18771-6

Test Setup Resources

Setup Files
Test setup information contains test file definition details to support order and result interfacing between Mayo Clinic Laboratories and your Laboratory Information System.

Excel | PHP Pdf | CMS Pdf

Sample Reports
Normal and Abnormal sample reports are provided as references for report appearance.

Normal Reports | Abnormal Reports

SI Sample Reports
International System (SI) of Unit reports are provided for a limited number of tests. These reports are intended for international account use and are only available through MayoLINK accounts that have been defined to receive them.

SI Normal Reports | SI Abnormal Reports