Test Catalog

Test Id : GALT

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Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase, Blood

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Overview

Test Catalog

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Diagnosis of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency, the most common cause of galactosemia

 

Confirmation of abnormal state newborn screening results

Genetics Test Information
Provides information that may help with selection of the correct genetic test or proper submission of the test request

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency is the most common cause of galactosemia and requires lifelong restriction of dietary galactose.

 

Classic galactosemia can be diagnosed by analysis of GALT enzyme.

 

This test provides enzymatic testing for the diagnosis of GALT deficiency.

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

For more information see Galactosemia Testing Algorithm.

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Method Name
A short description of the method used to perform the test

Enzyme Reaction followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

NY State Available
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.

Yes

Reporting Name
Lists a shorter or abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test

Gal-1-P Uridyltransferase, RBC

Aliases
Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching

G-1-PU (Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase)

Galactosemia

Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase (GALT)

Galactosemia Enzyme

Classical Galactosemia

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

For more information see Galactosemia Testing Algorithm.

Specimen Type
Describes the specimen type validated for testing

Whole Blood EDTA

Ordering Guidance

This assay is not appropriate for monitoring dietary compliance. If dietary monitoring is needed, order GAL1P / Galactose-1-Phosphate, Erythrocytes.

 

This test is for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) enzyme testing only. The preferred test to evaluate for possible diagnosis of galactosemia, routine carrier screening, and follow-up of abnormal newborn screening results is GCT / Galactosemia Reflex, Blood.

 

This assay will not detect galactokinase (GALK) deficiency or uridine diphosphate-galactose 4' epimerase (GALE) deficiency.

-To evaluate for GALK deficiency, order GALK / Galactokinase, Blood.

-To evaluate for GALE deficiency, order GALE / Uridine Diphosphate -Galactose 4' Epimerase, Blood.

 

Necessary Information

Patient's age is required.

 

Biochemical Genetics Patient Information (T602) is recommended, but not required, to be filled out and sent with the specimen to aid in the interpretation of test results.

Specimen Required
Defines the optimal specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing

Multiple whole blood tests for galactosemia can be performed on 1 specimen. Prioritize order of testing when submitting specimens. For a list of tests that can be ordered together see Galactosemia-Related Test List.

 

Container/Tube:

Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA)

Acceptable: Green top (sodium heparin) or yellow top (ACD)

Specimen Volume: 5 mL

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Forms

1. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. The following documents are available:

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (T576)

-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing-Spanish (T826)

2. Biochemical Genetics Patient Information (T602) is recommended.

3. If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Biochemical Genetics Test Request (T798) with the specimen.

Specimen Minimum Volume
Defines the amount of sample necessary to provide a clinically relevant result as determined by the Testing Laboratory

2 mL

Reject Due To
Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected

Gross hemolysis Reject

Specimen Stability Information
Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the performing laboratory, alternate acceptable temperatures are also included

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Whole Blood EDTA Refrigerated (preferred) 28 days
Ambient 14 days

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Diagnosis of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency, the most common cause of galactosemia

 

Confirmation of abnormal state newborn screening results

Genetics Test Information
Provides information that may help with selection of the correct genetic test or proper submission of the test request

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency is the most common cause of galactosemia and requires lifelong restriction of dietary galactose.

 

Classic galactosemia can be diagnosed by analysis of GALT enzyme.

 

This test provides enzymatic testing for the diagnosis of GALT deficiency.

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

For more information see Galactosemia Testing Algorithm.

Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test

Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from a deficiency of any 1 of the 4 enzymes catalyzing the conversion of galactose to glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), galactokinase (GALK), uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (GALE), and galactose mutarotase (GALM). GALT deficiency is the most common cause of galactosemia and is often referred to as classic galactosemia. The complete or near-complete deficiency of GALT enzyme is life threatening if left untreated. Complications in the neonatal period include failure to thrive, liver failure, sepsis, and death.

 

Galactosemia is treated by a galactose-restricted diet, which allows for rapid recovery from the acute symptoms and a generally good prognosis. Despite adequate treatment from an early age, individuals with galactosemia remain at increased risk for developmental delays, speech problems, and abnormalities of motor function. Female patients with galactosemia are at increased risk for premature ovarian failure. Based upon reports by newborn screening programs, the frequency of classic galactosemia in the United States is approximately 1 in 30,000, although literature reports range from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 60,000 live births.

 

Galactose-1-phosphate (Gal1P) accumulates in the erythrocytes of patients with galactosemia. The quantitative measurement of Gal1P (GAL1P / Galactose-1-Phosphate, Erythrocytes) is useful for monitoring compliance with dietary therapy. Gal1P is thought to be the causative factor for development of liver disease in these patients and, because of this, patients should maintain low levels and be monitored on a regular basis.

 

Duarte-variant galactosemia (compound heterozygosity for the Duarte variant, N314D and a classic variant) is generally associated with higher levels of enzyme activity (5%-20%) than classic galactosemia (<5%); however, this may be indistinguishable by newborn screening assays. Previously, it was unknown whether children with Duarte-variant galactosemia were at an increased risk for adverse developmental outcomes due to milk exposure and were often treated with a low galactose diet during infancy. More recently, the outcomes data suggest a lack of evidence for developmental complications due to milk exposure, therefore treatment recommendations remain controversial. The Los Angeles variant, which consists of N314D and a second variant, L218L, is associated with higher levels of GALT enzyme activity than the Duarte-variant allele.

 

Newborn screening for galactosemia is performed in all 50 US states, though the method by which potentially affected individuals are detected varies from state to state and may include the measurement of total galactose (galactose and Gal1P) and/or determining the activity of the GALT enzyme. The diagnosis of galactosemia is established by follow-up quantitative measurement of GALT enzyme activity. If enzyme levels are indicative of carrier or affected status, molecular testing for common GALT variants may be performed (GALMP / Galactosemia, GALT Gene, Variant Panel, Varies). If one or both disease-causing variants are not detected by targeted variant analysis and biochemical testing has confirmed the diagnosis of galactosemia, sequencing of the GALT gene (GALZ / Galactosemia, GALT Gene, Full Gene Analysis, Varies) is available to identify private variations.

 

For more information see Galactosemia Testing Algorithm.

Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.

> or =24.5 nmol/h/mg of hemoglobin

Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results

An interpretive report will be provided.

 

For more information see Galactosemia Testing Algorithm.

Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances

The results of testing performed in erythrocytes, including analysis of enzymes, biochemical phenotyping, or galactose-1-phosphate are invalid following a transfusion. Patients should wait 3 to 4 months post transfusion before collecting whole blood for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase testing.

Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature

1. Berry GT: Classic galactosemia and clinical variant galactosemia. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al. eds. GeneReviews [Internet]. University of Washington, Seattle; 2000. Updated March 11, 2021. Accessed September 1, 2022. Available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1518/

2. Walter JH, Fridovich-Keil JL: Galactosemia. In: Valle D, Antonarakis S, Ballabio A, Beaudet AL, Mitchell GA, eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Accessed September 1, 2022. Available at https://ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2709&sectionid=%20225081023

3. Carlock G, Fischer ST, Lynch ME, et al: Developmental outcomes in Duarte galactosemia. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1):e20182516. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2516

4. Anderson S: GALT deficiency galactosemia. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2018 Jan/Feb;43(1):44-51. doi: 10.1097/NMC.0000000000000388

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Method Description
Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference

An aqueous mixture containing water, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose, (13)C2-labeled galactose-1-phosphate, and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (internal standard) is added to a hemolysate aliquot. The mixture is then vortexed briefly and incubated at 37 degrees C for 15 minutes.

 

After incubation the reaction is quenched, extracted, and centrifuged. The top layer is then transferred to a 96-well plate. Then injected onto a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The ratio of the extracted peak area of (13)C2-labeled UDP-galactose to its internal standard UDP-N-acetylglucosamine as determined by LC-MS/MS is used to calculate the concentration of product analyte in the sample. The concentration of the product is then normalized using the calculated hemoglobin concentration to determine the patient's enzyme level in nmol/h/mg of hemoglobin.(Unpublished Mayo method)

PDF Report
Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information

No

Day(s) Performed
Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day.

Monday, Wednesday, Friday

Report Available
The interval of time (receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available) taking into account standard setup days and weekends. The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing.

3 to 6 days

Specimen Retention Time
Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded

Processed RBC: 2 months

Performing Laboratory Location
Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test

Rochester

Fees
Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U.S. or International Regional Manager for information about establishing a fee schedule or to learn more about resources to optimize test selection.

  • Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
  • Clients without access to Test Prices can contact Customer Service 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
  • Prospective clients should contact their account representative. For assistance, contact Customer Service.

Test Classification
Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) product.

This test was developed, and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

CPT Code Information
Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Clinic Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.

CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.

82775

LOINC® Information
Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the order and results codes of this test. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory.

Test Id Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
GALT Gal-1-P Uridyltransferase, RBC 24082-0
Result Id Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
8333 Gal-1-P Uridyltransferase, RBC 24082-0
2296 Interpretation (GALT) 59462-2
58115 Reviewed By 18771-6

Test Setup Resources

Setup Files
Test setup information contains test file definition details to support order and result interfacing between Mayo Clinic Laboratories and your Laboratory Information System.

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Sample Reports
Normal and Abnormal sample reports are provided as references for report appearance.

Normal Reports | Abnormal Reports

SI Sample Reports
International System (SI) of Unit reports are provided for a limited number of tests. These reports are intended for international account use and are only available through MayoLINK accounts that have been defined to receive them.

SI Normal Reports | SI Abnormal Reports